WEATHER BASED GRAPE ADVISORY

WEATHER DATA FOR THE PREVAILING WEEK

Date of Foundation Pruning: 16/04/2022

Thursday (22/09//22)–Wednesday (28/09/2022)

Note: Above weather information is summary of weather forecasting given in following websites 

https://www.wunderground.com/?cm_ven=cgi

https://imdagrimet.gov.in/weatherdata/BlockWindow.php

https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india

ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes does not claim accuracy of it.  

II. Water management (Dr. A.K. Upadhyay & Yukti Verma)

A)    Days after pruning :160 days

B)    Pan evaporation: 2 to 4 mm

Amount of irrigation advised:

1.      Grape growing regions are forecasted to receive drizzling to light rains.  The irrigation water application should be based upon the growth of the vines.  Objective is to concentrate on cane maturity, hence, vigour should be controlled.

2.      If the soils especially medium and heavy, are saturated with water, then, do not irrigate for atleast 5-7 days till the soil comes to wapsa condition.  The top soil is likely to show dryness but, at lower depth water will be available for the vines. Allow the new growth to stop first before starting irrigation.

3.      If continuous good rains are forecasted, remove the mulch and allow the bund/ rootzone to be fully wet with water for leaching of salts. The mulch so removed can be mixed with the soil to improve the soil porosity.This is especially important for the following condition:

i)              In Solapur, Sangli, Vijayapura or any area where the ground water used for irrigation contains more salt.

4.      During shoot growth stage (Fruit pruning season),  apply irrigation through drip @ 3400-6800 L/ acre/ day for all grape growing regions.  In case vigour is more than desired, then reduce irrigation water application by half to 1700 - 3400 L/ acre and still if growth is more, stop the irrigation till such time the growth is brought under control and then start irrigation.

Nutrient management:

1.        After current rains, give foliar spray of SOP @ 3-5 g/L depending upon canopy.

2.    In case of calcareous soils where acute iron deficiency is observed, repeatedly spray 2-3g/L Ferrous sulphate two to three times at 3 days interval followed by 15-20 kg/ acre  Ferrous sulphate application through drip.  The fertigation dose should be split into atleast 3 doses of 5kg each.  Apply 5kg/ acre soluble sulphur through drip every week.  Also spray magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate @ 3 gm each/ L once only. Keep a close watch on the development of leaf blackening symptoms if irrigation water contains sodium more than 100ppm.

Pre-pruning operations – Fruit pruning season

1.      Test the soil and irrigation water, to plan for nutrient and water management during fruit pruning season.

2.      The vineyards where sodicity problems are there, apply gypsum to the soil for removal of sodium from the soil exchange complex.  In case of calcareous soils, use sulphur for similar purpose.  The application should be alongwith FYM/compost etc.  They should be mixed in the soil and not left on the top.

3.      In case of calcareous soils, if SSP is applied as basal dose, mix with FYM/compost etc. to avoid phosphorus fixation.

4.      In areas where rains have not been received and the irrigation water availability is less, it is suggested to flood the rootzone(only) with water to leach out the salts and wet the entire soil depth before pruning and then cover with mulch.  Thereafter irrigate as per availability of water.

Shoot Growth stage

1.      In case organic fertilizers are applied, check the C:N ratio. Lower the ratio more the nitrogen release, hence possibility of enhanced growth. Control nitrogen application based upon growth of vine.

2.      Based upon the soil test value, during shoot growth stage apply urea @ 15kg / acre this week in two splits.  If the soil is calcareous, instead of urea apply ammonium sulphate @ 25 kg/ acre in three splits this week.  Depending upon the crop vigour, regulate nitrogen application.

3.      If sodicity problem is there, apply 10 kg Sulphate of potash per acre in 2 splits this week.

4.      Until and unless leaves are fully developed donot go for any foliar application of nutrients. It will  lead to wastage of spray.

5.      The quantity of nutrients to be applied through foliar, depends upon canopy size. 

III. Requirement of growth regulators (Dr. S.D. Ramteke)

-          NIL

IV. Canopy Management (Dr. R.G.Somkuwar)

Based on the growth stages in grape vineyard and change in weather condition during this period, following suggestions are offered.

1.      With the rains in the last three days, moisture in the root zone is increased. Hence, the root activity is not as per the requirement of the vine.

2.      The shoot growth will be more even the rains stopped.

3.      The growers may experience growth of side shoots. This will certainly form the dense canopy.

4.      In the late pruned vineyard, sunlight requirement by the individual bud on a growing shoot for fruit bud differentiation will not be fulfilled.

5.      Even the vigorous growth (increased in intermodal distance) will lead to formation of horizontal canopy.

6.      This will delay the cane maturity.

7.      The roots between two roots will be more activated. This will results into uptake of unutilized nutrients leading to excess growth.

8.      The leaf requirement on a growing shoot is 16 to 17 no. (leaf area of each leaf is around 160-170²ft).  The leaf above this requirement is excess.

9.      The excess growth in terms of increased leaf number may results into delay in cane maturity.

10.  During the rainfall, the new shoots will be more prone to anthracnose infection. Once the shoot is infected, the organism will enter into the shoot and after forward pruning, the bunch may get affected.

11.  During this time, the cloudy weather may become favorable for improvement in microclimate thereby increasing the chances of powdery mildew infection.

12.  Open canopy can be the best option to avoid the disease incidence and advance the cane maturity.

13.  To overcome these problems, remove the excess growth, side shoots at the earliest possible.

14.  The late coming shoots on the cordon can also be removed by retaining one bud. Shoot pinching can be done by removing just a growing tip.

15.  Train the shoots on the foliage wires. This will help for aeration in the canopy thereby reducing the humidity.

16.   Spray Boudreaux mixture @ 1.0 % in the vineyard where cane maturity has been started (120 days after foundation pruning). The spray can be repeated after 8-10 days. However, Boudreaux sprays are to be avoided in case of colored varieties.

17.   Irrigate the vineyard when fertilizer is being applied through drips. Since the moisture in the root zone is sufficient, irrigation is not advised.

18.  For disease control, biological control can be given the priority.

19.  In the vineyard where early pruning is done, bud testing should be given importance. This will indicate the correct position of fruitful buds thereby making easy for pruning.

V. Disease management (Dr. Sujoy Saha)

For the early pruned growers where the vines stand at a 3-5 leaf stage application of Dimethomorph

@1g/L+mancozeb 75WP@2g/L or Iprovalicarb+propineb @ 2.25g/L or Mandipropamid@ 0.8g/L or Dimethomorph +ametoctradin@0.8g/L or Amisulbrom @ 0.375 ml/L should be done in absence of rain to protect against downy mildew. In locations, where pruning is yet to be done preventive application of Mancozeb/Metiram/Ziram/captan @ 2-2.5g/l may be done. Due to continuous rains in most of the areas anthracnose and bacterial spot may be incident in a moderate scale. Thiophenate methyl/carbendazim@1g/L should be given for anthracnose control. An application of Kasugamycin+Copper oxychloride may be given @ 0.75g/l for the management of both bacterial spot and anthracnose, but specifically it should be more effective against bacterial spot. Two sprays of Kasugamycin+Copper oxychloride at 5-7 days interval will give a good result against bacterial spot. Streptocycline should NOT be applied for the control of bacterial diseases. Powdery mildew may be disseminated by the rain splashes and initial symptoms may be observed as soon as the rain stops. Application of triazoles like hexaconazole or difenoconazole will control powdery mildew and additional protection against anthracnose will be obtained as well. Foliar application of Bacillus/Trichoderma @ 2-3g/ml should be given during this time to get a control against anthracnose and downy mildew. No mixing of fungicides and biocontrol agents should be done.

VI.    Insect and Mite management. (Dr. D.S. Yadav)

Growth Stage: Cane maturity and afterwards stage after foundation pruning

1.    High flea beetle incidence may be noticed in the vineyards now. If not controlled it will cause serious damage after fruit pruning. Remove weeds from inside and around the vineyards. Harrowing may be done in inter row space once the rainy spell is over. Give soil drenching with clothianidin 50 WDG @ 200 gram per acre in the root zone to kill flea beetle grubs in the soil. Thereafter, foliar application of lambda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS @ 200 ml per acre or imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 160 ml per acre at night after 7 pm may be given.

2.    In case of caterpillar infestation, application of fipronil 80 WG @ 0.0625 g per litre or emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.22 g per litre or cyantraniliprole 10 OD @ 0.7 ml per litre water is effective. Installation of light traps outside vineyards is the best strategy to manage caterpillar population.

3.    Use of broad-spectrum insecticides should be avoided for mealybug control. Buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.25 ml per litre or spirotetramat 15.31 OD @ 0.7 ml per litre water may be given to manage mealybugs. Preventive plant wash, on stem and cordons, of biocontrol agents such as Verticillium, Metarhizium, Beauveria may be given.

4.    In case of thrips infestation, remove excess shoot growth.

5.    Red colour stem borer (Dervishiya cadambae) has started egg laying and infestation under bark in grape areas. Install light traps near the vineyards to manage moths of this stem borer. Remove loose bark from stem and cordons and give preventive wash on stem and cordons with biocontrol agent Metarhizium @ 3-5 ml per litre water minimum once in the month during July to September months. If infestation is observed, remove the loose bark and give stem and cordon wash with Metarhizium @ 3-5 ml per litre water and 1.5-2 litres water per plant.

6.    In new vineyards after grafting, flea beetle infestation may be observed. In case of heavy infestation, give soil drenching with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1.5 ml per plant and foliar application with spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml per litre or spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 0.3 ml per litre or fipronil 80 WG @ 0.0625 g per litre water.

7.    Mite infestation may start appearing, therefore, monitor the vineyards carefully. If mite infestation is observed, sulphur 80 WDG @ 1.5-2.0 gram per litre or abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.75 ml/l water is effective.